Portable fire extinguishers are used to smother hundreds of unexpected fires every day. Knowing about different types of extinguishers as well as how and when to use one may enable you to save a building or even lives. It is important to note that when there is a fire, the number one priority is to for everyone to evacuate the building safely. There are a few things you need to know before we talk about the extinguishers themselves.

The 5 Fire Classes

First of all, you need to know about the different types of fires. Every fire extinguisher agent is specifically designed for a certain “class” of fire. The label on the side should indicate the type(s) of fire it can be used on. Always read the instructions to make sure you are using the extinguisher as intended.

• Class A – Ordinary combustibles
  • Wood, paper, cloth, trash, plastics
• Class B – Flammable liquids and gases
  • Gasoline, petroleum oil, paint, propane, butane
  • Does not include cooking grease
• Class C – Energized electrical equipment
  • Motors, transformers, appliances
• Class D – Combustible metals
  • Potassium, sodium, aluminum, magnesium
• Class K – Kitchen applications
  • Cooking oils and grease, animal fats, vegetable fats

WARNING: Using an extinguisher for the wrong fire class may cause the fire to spread, re-ignite or even explode.

The Fire Triangle

The Fire Triangle is composed of oxygen, heat, and fuel—the 3 necessary ingredients for a fire. If any of these elements is removed, a fire can be prevented or extinguished. Therefore, the goal of every type of extinguisher is to eliminate one or more of these 3 elements.

Types of Fire Extinguishers

There are 8 main kinds of fire extinguishers:

• Water and Foam fire extinguishers operate by removing the necessary heat element from the fire triangle.
  • Use on Class A fires only
• CO2 fire extinguishers remove both the oxygen element and the heat element from the fire triangle.
  • Use on Class B and C fires
• Dry Chemical fire extinguishers are the typical ABC extinguishers that most people are familiar with. They work by inhibiting chemical reactions involving heat, fuel, and oxygen. These extinguishers also create a barrier between the oxygen and the fuel elements of the triangle.
  • Use on Class A, B, and C fires
• Wet Chemical fire extinguishers remove heat from the triangle and also prevent re-ignition by implementing a barrier between the oxygen and fuel elements. These are commonly used to extinguish grease fires in commercial kitchens.
  • Use on Class K and A fires
• Clean Agent or Halogenated extinguishers work by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire triangle.
  • Use on Class B and C fires
• Dry Powder extinguishers are similar to Dry Chemical, except they work by separating the fuel from the oxygen or by removing heat from the fire triangle.
  • Use on Class D fires only
• Water Mist extinguishers remove the heat element from the fire triangle and serve as an alternative to clean agent extinguishers when contamination is a concern.
  • Use on Class A and C fires
• Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical extinguishers are typically chosen for rugged conditions that demand more durability than the common stored pressure dry chemical extinguisher.
  • Use on Class B and C fires

10 Tips for Using a Fire Extinguisher

1. Before using a fire extinguisher, sound the fire alarm and identify a safe evacuation route.
2. Only use a portable fire extinguisher if the fire is confined to a small area.
3. Make sure your extinguishers are located in easily accessible areas.
4. Do not touch the plastic discharge horn on CO2 extinguishers—it becomes very cold and can damage skin.
5. Do NOT use a fire extinguisher if your means of evacuation becomes compromised.
6. Always keep an escape exit to your back.
7. Class A and B extinguishers carry a numerical rating that indicates the size fire that it can to extinguish.
8. Extinguishers are often found in corridors, inside very large rooms, immediately outside mechanical spaces, and mounted inside heavy equipment vehicles.
9. Even if you only used a small amount of agent, you must report the extinguisher as used. Many extinguishers will no longer hold a charge after partial use.
10. Fire extinguishers must be inspected, maintained, and hydrostatically tested routinely in accordance with NFPA 10.

How to Use a Fire Extinguisher

Before using a fire extinguisher, always read the instructions on the label. There are different kinds of extinguishers for different fires—if used incorrectly, they can cause the fire to spread, re-ignite, or even explode. Once you have sounded the fire alarm and confirmed a safe escape route, you may use a fire extinguisher from a safe distance to dowse the fire.

A good way to remember how to use a fire extinguisher is the acronym PASS:

Pull the pin in the handle

Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire

Squeeze the lever slowly

Sweep from side to side at the base of the fire

Portable Extinguisher Inspection, Testing and Maintenance

NFPA 10 standards require all fire extinguishers in the workplace to be inspected, tested, and maintained routinely.

Monthly: All extinguishers must be inspected monthly for damage, correct pressure, broken seals, proper condition of hose and nozzle, and documentation of inspections.

Annual: Mandatory annual inspections require inspectors to verify the extinguisher is fully pressurized, free from damage, and weighted appropriately. Annual inspections also require a pull test on the pin and replacing the seal as well as a dated inspection tag. If the extinguisher fails to meet these requirements, it must be replaced.

6 Year Maintenance: Extinguishers that store a pressurized agent must have the contents completely removed and refilled every 6 years. 6 year maintenance requires thorough inspection of the inside and outside and must be performed exactly 72 months after the manufacturing date.

Hydrostatic Testing: Extinguishers that store specialized chemicals such as HAlon or dry chemicals must undergo hydrostatic tests every 12 years. CO2 units must be inspected and hydrostatically tested every 5 years.

Fire Systems, Inc. delivers, inspects, maintains, tests, and repairs all types of fire extinguishers.

Certain building sections within office, industrial, commercial, and institutional facilities require special attention. These rooms are called Special Hazards. Included are computer rooms, archives, telephone switches, art galleries and museums, and any facility where water damage from fire sprinklers must be avoided at all costs. A variety of approaches and chemicals are available to provide a custom solution to your special hazard.

System Types
• FM-200
• CO2
• FE-13
• Sapphire
• NOVEC 1230
• Inergen

Clean Agents are particularly useful for hazards where:
• An electrically non-conductive agent is required
• Cleanup of other agents presents a problem
• Hazard obstructions require the use of a gaseous agent
• The hazard is normally occupied and requires a non-toxic agent

Types of Hazards
• Computer rooms
• Sub-floors
• Control rooms
• Critical file storage rooms
• Telecommunications facilities
• Clean rooms
• Electric switchgear
• Vaults
• Archives
• Process equipment

Types of Agent

FM-200
FM-200 is a clean, colorless, and environmentally friendly fire suppression agent that is electrically non-conductive and safe for humans. It smothers and extinguishers flames through heat absorption, leaving no residue. This minimizes downtime for clean-up, making FM-200 accepted worldwide with over 100,000 installations in over 70 countries.

NOVEC 1230
Novec 1230 fire protection fluid is a next generation clean agent Halon alternative. It combines outstanding extinguishing performance with an excellent environmental profile. Novec 1230 fire protection fluid has zero ozone depletion potential, a global warming potential of only one, a five day atmospheric lifetime, and a large margin of safety for occupied spaces. Novec 1230 fire protection fluid extinguishes fire primarily by removing heat from the fire. It is also electrically non-conductive.

CO2
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless, and chemically inert gas that is both readily available and electrically non-conductive. It extinguishes fire primarily by lowering the level of oxygen that supports combustion in a protected area. This mechanism of fire suppression makes CO2 suppression systems highly effective, requiring minimal clean-up, but should be used in normally unoccupied hazard locations or otherwise avoided by personnel when discharged.

Inergen
Inergen is a blend of three naturally occurring gases–Nitrogen, Argon, and Carbon Dioxide. An Inergen system lowers the oxygen content of the protected area to a point sufficient to sustain human life, but insufficient to support combustion. It’s that simple.

 Because it’s not a chemical agent, Inergen will not produce a heavy fog the way other extinguishing agents do, so escape routes remain visible.

FE-13
FE-13 was originally developed by DuPont as a chemical refrigerant. Its molecules at the flame front absorb heat from a fire in much the same manner as a sponge absorbs liquid. In addition, FE-13 exhibits some ability to inhibit the chain of combustion in the manner of Halon 1301.